Manusmriti Mention in Draft Labour Policy Triggers Backlash

Union government’s recently released draft labour policy, titled Shram Shakti Niti 2025, has ignited a political and ideological controversy for referencing the Manusmriti, an ancient Hindu text, as a foundational element of labour governance in India.

The policy, released earlier this month for public consultation, describes the Manusmriti as embedding “the moral basis of labour governance within India’s civilisational fabric,” a statement that has drawn strong reactions from opposition parties and civil society groups.

Manusmriti Reference Triggers Backlash

The controversy erupted after Congress General Secretary (Communications) Jairam Ramesh publicly criticised the policy, accusing the government of undermining the principles of the Indian Constitution.

In a post shared on social media, Jairam stated that the reference to Manusmriti reflects the ideological leanings of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), the ideological parent of the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).

He argued that invoking a text historically associated with caste-based discrimination is a regressive step and incompatible with the values of equality and justice enshrined in the Constitution.

Draft Labour Policy Framing and Government’s Position

The draft policy, prepared by the Ministry of Labour and Employment, aims to provide a comprehensive framework for labour and employment in India.

It outlines strategies for formalisation, skilling, social security, and workplace safety.

However, the inclusion of cultural and civilisational references, particularly the Manusmriti, has overshadowed the policy’s broader objectives.

The document refers to labour as rajdharma, meaning the sovereign’s duty. It portrays work as a sacred moral obligation within the Indic worldview.

The government has not officially responded to the criticism.

However, sources within the administration suggest that the reference was meant to highlight India’s historical perspectives on labour ethics, not to endorse outdated social hierarchies.

Opposition Demands Withdrawal and Revision

Opposition leaders have demanded the immediate withdrawal of the reference and a revision of the draft.

They argue that the Manusmriti codified caste hierarchies and prescribed unequal treatment based on birth.

Therefore, it cannot serve as a moral or legal foundation in a modern democratic republic.

Several labour unions and civil rights organisations have expressed concern over the policy’s language.

They warn that referencing texts like the Manusmriti could alienate marginalised communities and undermine inclusive labour reform efforts.

Critics have urged the government to reaffirm its commitment to constitutional values.

They also emphasize that policy documents should reflect principles of equality, dignity, and social justice.

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